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GENE A
ay
Produces solid color, as in red (or solid black).
at
Produces black with markings.
ay is dominant over at.
GENE B
B
Produces black pigment in nose, foot-pads, eye-rims, and coat.
b
Produces brown or chocolate pigment in nose and eye-rims.
Produces chocolate or lighter red-brown in coat.
GENE C
C
Produces deep color, as in dark red, chocolate & rust, and black & rust.
GENE D
D
Regulates heavy pigment in each hair strand.
d
Dilution gene produces blue and fawn (dilutes black to blue, chocolate to fawn).
GENE E
E
Manipulates the formation of black, chocolate, or dark pigment in hairs to shape markings.
Some forms of E are not accepted by the AKC standard.
GENE G
G
Changes uniform puppy coat to pale or gray shading as dog matures.
Not accepted by the AKC standard.
g
Produces constant pigmentation.
GENE M
M
Produces harlequin (merle); causes blindness, deafness, impotence.
Not accepted by the AKC standard.
m
Uniform pigmentation.
GENE P
P
Forms normal pigmentation.
p
Reduces black coats to "lilac" and chocolate to light-yellow fawn.
Not accepted by the AKC standard.
GENE S
S
Produces solid coat with no white spots.
sp
Produces parti-colored (spotted) coats.
Not accepted by the AKC standard.
GENE T
T
Produces flecks or "ticking" in light areas.
Not accepted by the AKC standard.
t
Produces clear, unticked coat.
 


Gene examples in Miniature Pinschers


Black & Rust
atat Bx Cx Dx Sx gg mm Px tt


Black & Tan
atat Bx cc Dx Sx gg mm Px tt


Red
Type 1: ayay Bx Cx Dx Ex SX gg mm Px tt
Type 2: ayat Bx Cx Dx Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Chocolate & Rust
atat bb Cx Dx Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Fawn & Rust (not allowed in AKC shows)
atat bb Cx dd Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Light Blue & Rust (not allowed in AKC shows)
atat Bx cc dd Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Dark Blue & Rust (not allowed in AKC shows)
atat Bx Cx dd Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Red with brown nose (incorrect)
Type 1: ayay bb Cx Dx Ex SX gg mm Px tt
Type 2: ayat bb Cx Dx Ex Sx gg mm Px tt


Harlequin (extinct)
atat Bx Cx Dx Ex Sx gg Mx Px tt


X = unknown or variable

Uppercase letters (X) are dominant genes. Lowercase letters (x) are recessive.



Based on the work of William Ledbetter, as printed in the book
The New Miniature Pinscher, by Sari Brewster Tietjen, pg. 107-116.